if the same value is not in all four column, then a simple OR query will do
select x from xxx where col1=value or col2=value or col3=value or col4=value
If the same value CAN be found in different column and your description implies an EXCLUSIVE search (ie if found on first column, do NOT look also for it in second column), then a succession of four simple queries with a test if something is found between each will do the work